28 October 2024

Thyroid Disease

Disorders caused by abnormalities in the shape/function of the thyroid gland. Common in women and not contagious.

Thyroid Gland: Located in the neck, the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. Disorders of the thyroid gland and its hormones can cause various symptoms of thyroid diseases, depending on the type and cause.

Types and Causes of Thyroid Disorders:

1. Hypothyroidism
   A condition where the thyroid gland produces too little thyroxine hormone.

2. Hyperthyroidism
   A thyroid disorder that occurs when the gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.

3. Goiter
   Swelling of the thyroid gland that appears as a lump in the neck.

4. Thyroid Nodules
   Solid or fluid-filled lumps that form in the thyroid gland, which can be benign tumors or cysts.

5. Thyroid Cancer
   Caused by the development of cancerous tissue in the thyroid gland.

Causes and Triggers of Thyroid Disorders:

• Iodine deficiency

• Inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis)

• Genetic factors

• Postpartum conditions

• Autoimmune diseases

• Disorders of the pituitary gland

Risk Factors:

• Female gender

• Over 60 years old

• Family history of thyroid disorders

• History of chronic diseases, such as diabetes or autoimmune disorders

• Previous treatment with radioactive iodine

• History of thyroid surgery

• History of chest radiotherapy

Symptoms:

Hyperthyroidism:

• Tremors

• Weight loss

• Excessive sweating

• Sleep disturbances

• Nervousness, anxiety, and irritability

• Palpitations

Hypothyroidism:

• Drowsiness and fatigue

• Forgetfulness

• Sensitivity to cold

• Dry skin and hair

• Hair loss

• Hoarseness

• Swelling in parts of the body (edema)

• Heavier-than-usual menstrual periods (in women)

When to See a Doctor?

• If a lump appears in the neck

• If experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

Diagnostic Tests:

• Blood tests: Measure thyroid hormone levels and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).

• Imaging: Thyroid ultrasound or nuclear thyroid scan.

• Biopsy

Treatment:

• Medications

• Radioactive iodine therapy

• Surgery

Complications:

• Thyroid storm: If hyperthyroidism is not properly treated.

• Myxedema coma: If hypothyroidism is not properly managed.

Reviewed by: dr. Shinta Hidayani Utami

Source: Merckgroup Health Article

Photo: freepik.com